

































d.n is proportional to the length of the projection of d onto n.
(d.n)n is the component of d in the direction of n. 
Subtracting it once hence removes all "speed" going into the surface, subtracting it once more reverses the "speed" in that direction. Thus we have a 2 (edited)






 1
 1




d.n is proportional to the length of the projection of d onto n.
(d.n)n is the component of d in the direction of n. 
Subtracting it once hence removes all "speed" going into the surface, subtracting it once more reverses the "speed" in that direction. Thus we have a 2  (edited)


















 3
 3




















d.n is proportional to the length of the projection of d onto n.
(d.n)n is the component of d in the direction of n. 
Subtracting it once hence removes all "speed" going into the surface, subtracting it once more reverses the "speed" in that direction. Thus we have a 2  (edited)


















































 1
 1














































































































































































































