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(d.n)n is the component of d in the direction of n.
Subtracting it once hence removes all "speed" going into the surface, subtracting it once more reverses the "speed" in that direction. Thus we have a 2 (edited)






1




d.n is proportional to the length of the projection of d onto n.
(d.n)n is the component of d in the direction of n.
Subtracting it once hence removes all "speed" going into the surface, subtracting it once more reverses the "speed" in that direction. Thus we have a 2 (edited)


















3




















d.n is proportional to the length of the projection of d onto n.
(d.n)n is the component of d in the direction of n.
Subtracting it once hence removes all "speed" going into the surface, subtracting it once more reverses the "speed" in that direction. Thus we have a 2 (edited)


















































1














































































































































































































